According to the 2025 report of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), 3.642 people died or went missing in 2024 while attempting to cross the sea to reach Europe. While this represents a slight decrease compared to 2023, the FRA notes that the number of deaths remains high, with a notable increase of 66% recorded in the English Channel. The Agency highlights the persistent risks associated with irregular sea crossings and emphasises the importance of effective search and rescue capacities. It also recalls the key role played by civil society organisations in saving lives, while expressing concern about the increasing restrictions these actors face, which may hinder their ability to operate. FRA’s analysis stresses the need to support rather than penalise humanitarian efforts.

The report also documents recurring allegations of fundamental rights violations at the EU’s external borders, including pushbacks and ill-treatment. According to the FRA, several Member States do not systematically conduct effective investigations into such allegations, which can undermine confidence in border management. In this context, the Agency published guidance identifying ten key steps to help ensure timely and thorough investigations, and reiterates that Member States are legally bound by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights to uphold human dignity, prevent ill-treatment, and protect the right to life.

The report further examines legislative changes adopted in 2024 as part of the New Pact on Migration and Asylum. FRA notes that while the new procedures are intended to speed up asylum and return processes at borders, they also raise concerns about the adequacy of safeguards and the potential impact on fundamental rights. One measure identified as positive by the Agency is the introduction of independent border monitoring mechanisms. To support their implementation, FRA has issued practical guidance to assist Member States in setting up effective and well-resourced monitoring systems.

Lastly, the report addresses recent proposals to enhance return policies, such as the possible establishment of return hubs in third countries. FRA warns that such initiatives may give rise to serious human rights concerns, particularly in relation to the principle of non-refoulement, the rights of the child, and protection from inhuman or degrading treatment. 

For further information, please read the report on the FRA website.