The paper, written by Clare Fox-Ruhs and Joakim Palme as part of the "Protecting Irregular Migrants in Europe" (PRIME) research and policy project, concludes inter alia that:

• Irregularly staying migrants’ rights protection varies widely across Europe, with stronger safeguards in areas covered by supranational laws, such as emergency healthcare and education, and weaker protections in social rights like housing and income support.
   
• Most national laws remain silent on irregularly staying migrants’ rights, leading to widespread implicit inclusion or exclusion, especially in social rights, highlighting the need for a rigorous method to analyse these implied protections across Europe.
   
• Irregularly staying migrants generally receive benefits and services comparable in quality to those of citizens, especially regarding labour rights, but they often face discrimination in healthcare costs and encounter significant obstacles when trying to claim or enforce their rights, including risks of detention and deportation.

The authors highlight the potential for expanding the IRMIGRIGHT database to cover a broader range of rights, more countries, and specific sub-groups of irregularly staying migrants, such as children, older people, or persons with disabilities. They also emphasise the need for further research to explain cross-national differences, by examining factors such as political governance, welfare and labour market systems, public attitudes, and the influence of supranational legal standards on national protections.

For further information, please read the research paper attached above.